Foreign Cohesive Devices in English

Addition

• i.e. (Latin: id est) - that is
  Example: "She had to make a decision quickly, i.e., before the store closed."
• e.g. (Latin: exempli gratia) - for example
  Example: "Many citrus fruits are high in vitamin C, e.g., oranges, lemons, and limes."
• et cetera (Latin) - and other similar things
  Example: "Please bring your notebooks, pens, pencils, et cetera."
• en masse (French) - in a group
  Example: "The fans arrived en masse for the concert."
• au contraire (French) - on the contrary
  Example: "He didn’t mind the delay; au contraire, he enjoyed the extra time."
• apropos (French) - regarding
  Example: "Apropos of our earlier conversation, here is the report you requested."
• et al. (Latin: et alii) - and others
  Example: "The study by Smith et al. was groundbreaking in its findings."
• de facto (Latin) - in fact
  Example: "He is the de facto leader of the group."
• inter alia (Latin) - among other things
  Example: "The report discussed, inter alia, the economic impact of the policy."
• passim (Latin) - throughout
  Example: "The theme of love appears passim in his writings."
• per se (Latin) - by itself
  Example: "The book, per se, isn't bad; it's just not what I expected."

Comparison

• cf. (Latin: confer) - compare
  Example: "For more information, cf. the chapter on medieval history."
• vis-à-vis (French) - in relation to
  Example: "They had a meeting vis-à-vis the new policy changes."
• analogous to (Greek: analogos) - similar to
  Example: "The process is analogous to baking a cake."
• pari passu (Latin) - at an equal pace
  Example: "The two companies grew pari passu."
• mutatis mutandis (Latin) - with necessary changes
  Example: "The agreement applies, mutatis mutandis, to both parties."
• analogamente (Italian) - similarly
  Example: "Analogamente, the same rules apply in this case."
• como (Spanish) - as
  Example: "He is as tall como his brother."

Condition

• si (French) - if
  Example: "We will go to the park si it doesn't rain."
• quod si (Latin) - if it should happen
  Example: "Quod si he arrives early, we can start the meeting sooner."
• sub conditione (Latin) - under the condition
  Example: "He accepted the job sub conditione he would receive a raise."
• à condition que (French) - provided that
  Example: "You can go out à condition que you finish your homework."
• tanquam (Latin) - as if
  Example: "He behaves tanquam he owns the place."
• conditio sine qua non (Latin) - indispensable condition
  Example: "Trust is a conditio sine qua non for a successful relationship."

Concession

• nonetheless (Latin) - nevertheless
  Example: "The weather was bad; nonetheless, they decided to go camping."
• albeit (Latin) - although
  Example: "The journey was difficult, albeit rewarding."
• certes (French) - certainly
  Example: "Certes, it was a challenging task, but it was worth it."
• verum (Latin) - however
  Example: "He promised to help, verum he didn't show up."
• sin embargo (Spanish) - nevertheless
  Example: "He was injured, sin embargo, he finished the race."
• nempe (Latin) - certainly
  Example: "Nempe, you will face challenges in this journey."

Contrast

• au contraire (French) - on the contrary
  Example: "He didn’t mind the delay; au contraire, he enjoyed the extra time."
• malgré (French) - despite
  Example: "Malgré the challenges, they succeeded."
• conversely (Latin) - in contrast
  Example: "He likes tea; conversely, she prefers coffee."
• despite (Latin) - in spite of
  Example: "Despite the rain, they went for a walk."
• instead (Latin) - on the contrary
  Example: "He expected praise; instead, he received criticism."
• whereas (Old English) - while on the other hand
  Example: "He enjoys rock climbing, whereas she prefers hiking."

Emphasis

• indeed (Old French) - in fact
  Example: "He was indeed the best candidate for the job."
• quidem (Latin) - indeed
  Example: "The decision was difficult, quidem, but necessary."
• sic (Latin) - thus
  Example: "The plan was executed sic, and the results were as expected."
• realmente (Spanish) - really
  Example: "Realmente, he did an outstanding job."
• hinc (Latin) - from here
  Example: "Hinc, we can conclude that the theory is valid."
• notably (Latin) - especially
  Example: "Notably, she was absent during the critical discussions."

Illustration

• exempli gratia (Latin) - for example
  Example: "There are many sports, exempli gratia, football, basketball, and tennis."
• par exemple (French) - for example
  Example: "Many fruits are rich in vitamins, par exemple, oranges and apples."
• por ejemplo (Spanish) - for example
  Example: "There are many countries, por ejemplo, Spain, Italy, and France."